[Full Guide] How long do lithium batteries last?
Table of contents
Part 1. What are lithium-ion batteries?
Part 2. How long do lithium-ion batteries last?
Part 3. Factors influencing the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries
Part 5. Frequently Asked Questions about Li-ion Batteries
Part 6. Is investing in lithium-ion batteries worthwhile?
Part 1. What are lithium-ion batteries?
Lithium-ion batteries, including Lithium iron phosphate batteries (LiFePO4)LiFePO4 batteries are rechargeable and use lithium ions as the main component of their electrolyte. They offer several advantages over other battery types, such as a longer lifespan, higher efficiency and energy density, reduced maintenance, greater safety, and environmental friendliness. These characteristics make them ideal for off-grid power systems, high-performance applications, and mobility solutions.
Lithium-ion batteries are frequently used as starter batteries in vehicles due to their high energy density and low weight. They are well-suited for this application because they can deliver a short pulse of high current to start the engine. Lithium-ion batteries used as starter batteries typically have a lower capacity and should not be deeply discharged to avoid damage.
In contrast, LiFePO4 batteries are exceptionally well-suited as deep-discharge batteries. They can withstand frequent deep discharges and are therefore ideal for storing renewable energy and other deep-cycle applications. With a longer cycle life than lithium-ion batteries, LiFePO4 batteries can deliver high-performance applications over extended periods. Learn more about the differences between these two battery types at [link to relevant page]. Marine deep cycle and starter battery.
Part 2. How long do lithium-ion batteries last?
A standard lithium-ion battery typically lasts two to three years, depending on usage. However, with proper maintenance and adherence to the manufacturer's instructions, this lifespan can be extended to up to five years. Lithium-ion batteries are sensitive to temperature, and high temperatures can significantly shorten their lifespan. Therefore, it is important to store your lithium-ion battery in a cool, dry place to avoid heat exposure and extend its lifespan.
LiFePO4 batteries are a more advanced and sustainable type of lithium-ion battery that are gaining popularity in the industry. These batteries have a longer lifespan than conventional lithium-ion batteries and can last up to 10 years or more.Furthermore, LiFePO4 batteries are extremely stable and safe, representing a more reliable and sustainable solution for off-grid power and mobility applications.
A key advantage of LiFePO4 batteries is their ability to handle more charge and discharge cycles. While conventional lithium-ion batteries can withstand 500-1000 cycles, LiFePO4 batteries can survive up to 2000 cycles, making them a longer-lasting and more cost-effective solution in the long run. The LiFePO4 battery from Power Queen They can handle between 4,000 and 15,000 cycles and have a lifespan of more than 10 years, making them an ideal alternative to lead-acid batteries. Furthermore, LiFePO4 batteries are much safer than conventional lithium-ion batteries because their chemical composition makes them less susceptible to overheating or explosion.
Power Queen offers high-quality LiFePO4 batteries designed for longer lifespan, increased efficiency, and sustainability. We offer a range of battery sizes and capacities suitable for various off-grid power and mobility applications. Power Queen prides itself on the quality and durability of its batteries, which undergo rigorous testing to ensure customer satisfaction.
Part 3. Factors influencing the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries
According to the study A study on the factors that influence the degradation of lithium-ion batteries, listed here are the factors that can affect the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries.
3.1 During storage
1) Temperature
The main cause of battery capacity loss during storage is temperature, with higher temperatures leading to thermal decomposition of the electrodes and electrolyte.
The decomposition of the electrolyte increases the thickness of the SEI film (“Solid Electrolyte Interface”) on the anode, which consumes lithium ions, increases internal resistance, and reduces battery capacity. This decomposition also produces gases that increase internal pressure and pose a safety risk. As shown in Table 3.1, lithium-ion batteries stored at the same state of charge (40%) lose different percentages of their capacity over the course of a year at varying temperatures.
The degree of degradation increases with higher temperatures, and extreme temperatures significantly accelerate capacity loss. For example, an increase of 25 °C from 0 °C to 25 °C results in a capacity loss of only 2%, while an increase of 20 °C from 40 °C to 60 °C results in a capacity loss of 10%.
Table 3.1
Temperatures above 30°C are considered stressful for lithium-ion batteries and can lead to a significant reduction in calendar life. To extend battery life, it is advisable to store lithium-ion batteries at temperatures between 5°C and 20°C.
2) State of Charge (SOC)
In lithium-ion batteries, the open-circuit voltage (OCV) increases with increasing state of charge (SOC), as shown in Figure 3.2. During storage, a higher SOC of the battery leads to a higher OCV. However, a high OCV can lead to growth of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and trigger electrolyte oxidation in Li-ion batteries, resulting in capacity loss and increased internal resistance (IR).
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.Figure 3 shows the different degradation rates of lithium-ion batteries at various state-of-charge (SOC) values over a ten-year storage period. The remaining capacity of lithium-ion batteries decreases more rapidly with increasing SOC value.
Figure 3.3
To minimize battery degradation and extend battery life, it is advisable to maintain lithium-ion batteries at a moderate state of charge (SOC). It is recommended to charge or discharge lithium-ion batteries to approximately 50% SOC before storage.
3.2 During cyclic operation
1) Temperature
While an elevated temperature during battery operation can temporarily improve performance, prolonged cycling at high temperatures shortens the battery's lifespan. For example, a battery operated at 30°C has a 20% reduced cycle life, while at 45°C the battery lasts only half as long as at 20°C.
Manufacturers specify a nominal operating temperature of 27°C to optimize battery life. Conversely, extremely low temperatures increase internal resistance and reduce discharge capacity. A battery that offers 100% capacity at 27°C will only have 50% capacity at -18°C.
The discharge capacity of lithium-polymer cells varies with temperature, with lower capacities observed at low temperatures (0°C, -10°C, -20°C) compared to higher temperatures (25°C, 40°C, 60°C). Charging lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures (below 15°C) can lead to lithium plating due to the slowed incorporation of lithium ions, which accelerates battery degradation by increasing internal resistance and further reducing discharge capacity.
Figure 3.4
To maximize the lifespan and performance of lithium-ion batteries, it is recommended to operate them at moderate temperatures. A temperature of 20°C or slightly below is optimal for achieving maximum lifespan. However, manufacturers recommend a slightly higher temperature of 27°C when maximum battery runtime is required.
2) Depth of discharge (DOD)
The depth of discharge (DOD) has a significant impact on the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries. Deep discharges create pressure within the cells and damage the negative electrodes, accelerating capacity loss and increasing the risk of cell damage. As shown in Figure 3.5, a higher depth of discharge results in a shorter battery lifespan.
Figure 3.5
Depths of discharge exceeding 50% are referred to as deep discharges. When the voltage of a lithium-ion battery drops from 4.2 V to 3.0 V, approximately 95% of its energy is consumed, resulting in the shortest possible battery lifespan with continuous cycling. To avoid capacity loss, it is advisable to avoid deep discharges when replacing batteries. Partial discharges and charges of lithium-ion batteries contribute to extending their lifespan.
Manufacturers typically rate batteries according to the 80% DOD formula, meaning that only 80% of the supplied energy is used during operation, while the remaining 20% is reserved to extend the battery's lifespan. While reducing the DOD value can extend battery life, a DOD that is too low can result in insufficient battery life and prevent certain tasks from being completed.For lithium-ion batteries, a DOD value of approximately 50% is recommended to achieve maximum lifespan and optimal operating time.
3) Charging voltage
Lithium-ion batteries can achieve high capacity and longer runtimes with high charging voltages. However, fully charging them is not recommended, as this can lead to lithium plating, which results in capacity loss and may damage the battery, increasing the risk of fire or explosion.
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.6 illustrates the capacity reduction at high charging voltages (&(gt; 4.2 V/cell) and shows that higher voltages lead to faster capacity loss and a shorter lifespan. The recommended charging voltage for optimal capacity and safety is 4.2 V. Reducing the charging voltage by 70 mV can decrease the total capacity by approximately 10%.
Table 3.2 shows that the cycle life is longest at a charging voltage of 3.90 V (2400-4000 cycles) and is halved with each increase in the charging voltage of 0.10 V within the range of 3.90 V to 4.30 V.
Table 3.2
To avoid significant battery degradation, lithium-ion batteries should be charged at a voltage below 4.10 V. While a lower charging voltage extends the battery's lifespan, it results in a shorter operating time. Furthermore, discharging below 2.5 V per cell should be avoided, and a charging voltage of 3.92 V is optimal for achieving the longest lifespan. For this reason, Power Queen does not recommend... Charging a LiFePO4 battery with a lead-acid charger, as its voltage is insufficient for proper charging. Below you will find the recommended charging voltage format for various deep-cycle battery systems.
The recommended charging voltage depends on the type of deep-cycle battery system. For electronic devices such as laptops and mobile phones, a higher voltage threshold is used to maximize battery life. In contrast, large energy storage systems for satellites or electric vehicles use a lower voltage threshold to extend battery life. Regardless of the application, overcharging lithium-ion batteries can significantly shorten their lifespan and pose safety risks such as fires or explosions, and therefore requires careful management.
4) Charging current/C-rate
Lithium-ion batteries experience several negative effects at high C-rates, including increased internal resistance, loss of available energy, safety concerns, and irreversible capacity loss.
A significant consequence of high C-rates is lithium plating. When a lithium-ion battery is charged with a high current, the lithium ions migrate rapidly, leading to an accumulation of lithium on the anode surface and the formation of metallic lithium. This process is further intensified when batteries are rapidly charged at low temperatures or high states of charge (SOC).
The deposited lithium can form dendritic structures under the influence of gravity, increasing the battery's self-discharge rate. In severe cases, this can lead to short circuits and potential fires. Furthermore, high charging and discharging currents contribute to greater energy loss due to internal resistance, converting energy into heat. If the C-rate exceeds the battery's recommended value, the increased temperature can stress the battery, leading to damage and accelerating capacity loss.
5) Cycle frequency
Frequent cycling of lithium-ion batteries, especially when performed four or more times per day, can lead to mechanical stress and promote the growth of the solid electrolyte interphase layer (SEI).
During a cycle, lithium-ion batteries lose both positive and negative lithium reaction sites on the electrodes, thus reducing their capacity. The buildup of the SEI layer increases the battery's internal resistance and reduces its electronic conductivity and chargeability.
Thickening of the SEI layer, reduction of lithium reaction sites, and other chemical changes in lithium-ion batteries lead to capacity loss and ultimately battery failure. Although there is no specific research directly addressing this topic, it is assumed that a high cycle frequency accelerates battery degradation due to the high temperatures generated by frequent use.
Constant cycling of lithium-ion batteries without sufficient cooling time can cause chemical stress, leading to the decomposition of electrolytes and electrodes.
Part 4. Methods for extending the lifespan of Li-ion batteries
To extend the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries, you should follow these guidelines:
Keep the battery at moderate temperatures: High temperatures can shorten the battery's lifespan. It is recommended to store or use lithium-ion batteries within a moderate temperature range of 5°C to 20°C.
Partial discharge and recharge: Partially discharging and recharging lithium-ion batteries can extend their lifespan. Avoid deep discharges above 50% depth of discharge (DOD) to prolong battery life.
Maintain moderate state of charge (SOC) levels: Extreme SOC levels can lead to capacity loss and shorten battery life. Keeping lithium-ion batteries at a moderate SOC level minimizes degradation and extends their lifespan.
Avoid exposure to heat: High temperatures during use or storage can increase the SEI thickness and trigger electrolyte oxidation, leading to capacity loss and reduced lifespan.
Store batteries correctlyWhen not in use: Store lithium-ion batteries with a state of charge (SOC) of approximately 50% and protect them from extreme temperatures and humidity when not in use.
Avoid rapid charging and discharging: Rapid charging and discharging generates excessive heat, which can damage the battery's internal components over time and shorten the overall battery lifespan.
Use OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) chargers: Using OEM chargers, which are specifically designed for lithium-ion batteries, ensures they receive the correct voltage and current, preventing damage and extending their lifespan. Power Queen offers suitable chargers. LiFePO4 battery chargers for charging LiFePO4 lithium batteries.
Part 5. Frequently asked questions about the Li-ion battery
1. How long do lithium batteries last in cars?
The lifespan of lithium batteries in cars depends on several factors, including battery quality, usage patterns, and environmental conditions. Generally, a well-maintained lithium battery in a car can last between 8 and 10 years, or even longer.
However, battery lifespan can vary considerably depending on vehicle usage, charging habits, ambient temperature, and driving style. To ensure maximum lifespan and performance, it is important to follow the manufacturer's guidelines for battery maintenance and charging.
2. How long do lithium batteries last in a motorhome?
A well-maintained Lithium battery in a motorhomel They typically last between 5 and 7 years or longer. Power Queen lithium batteries, with a lifespan of up to 4,000-15,000 cycles, can last over 10 years.
3. How long can a lithium battery last without recharging?
How long a lithium-ion battery lasts without recharging depends on several factors, including the battery's capacity, the device it's in, and the device's power consumption. On average, most lithium-ion batteries can last between 2 and 10 years without recharging, depending on storage conditions. However, this timeframe can vary depending on temperature, usage patterns, and storage conditions. Proper storage and maintaining the recommended state of charge (SOC) are crucial for maximizing battery life. Even when not in use, lithium-ion batteries can lose charge over time and may need to be recharged before use.
4. Is a LiFePO4 battery safer than a lithium-ion battery?
Yes, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) batteries are considered safer than conventional lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. This is due to their more stable chemistry, which makes them less prone to overheating, thermal runaway, and other safety issues.
LiFePO4 batteries have a lower risk of thermal runaway because they have lower internal resistance, meaning they generate less heat, which reduces the likelihood of cell damage or explosion. Furthermore, they offer higher thermal stability and can withstand high temperatures without capacity loss, making them ideal for applications requiring a long-lasting and reliable power source.
Part 6. Worth it itself the investment in Lithium-ion batteries?
Compared to outdated lead-acid batteries Lithium-ion batteries are undeniably the better choice. They are lighter, have a higher energy storage capacity, and a lower self-discharge rate. They also require less maintenance and have a longer lifespan. Even though they are more expensive initially, the overall savings they provide are substantial. Therefore, we consider lithium-ion batteries a worthwhile investment. They offer a reliable and hassle-free way to store large amounts of energy, which can be especially useful when it is needed most.
